valleyfair power tower accident 2012. The Eiffel Tower (/ ˈ aɪ f əl / EYE-fəl; French: Tour Eiffel [tuʁ ɛfɛl] ⓘ) is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. valleyfair power tower accident 2012

 
The Eiffel Tower (/ ˈ aɪ f əl / EYE-fəl; French: Tour Eiffel [tuʁ ɛfɛl] ⓘ) is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, Francevalleyfair power tower accident 2012  Thank you

Both. 78". Vendors are reluctant to discuss it. Today's ride we'll be reviewing for you is Corkscrew. Power Tower-Space Shot . We begin our tower tour at Valleyfair near Minneapolis where the Power Tower ominously looms 275 feet in the skyline. A two-vehicle crash late Tuesday near the entrance to Valleyfair left one driver dead and the other injured and suspected of having been drinking alcohol earlier that night, officials said. Power Tower is a thrill ride located at two Cedar Fair parks in the US, Cedar Point and Valleyfair. 0:00 / 6:03 Valleyfair Power Tower On-Ride (No Copyright) Valley Thrills 2. The Power Tower consists of four towers that riders can choose to ride up, down or both. Hydraulic cylinders at the base of the tower provide an extra measure of safety in case of a ride malfunction. If Upton free falls for 2. Steel Venom Steel Venom is an inverted launched roller coaster located at Valleyfair amusement park in Shakopee, Minnesota, United States. Power Tower is the tallest ride in Minnesota. User Attraction Rating: 50%View current and historical wait time data for Power Tower at Valleyfair on Thrill Data. Read More. Power Tower-Space Shot is a Thrill Ride and Drop Tower. 4. 10/31/2012 Previous review. m. 23, 2019 10:00 a. Thrill Ride / Drop Tower. View current and historical wait time data for Power Tower-Space Shot at Valleyfair on Thrill Data. It was a very popular ride for families to ride together. 42-47 MPH. Power TowerUpdate, Wed 10 am: A 13-year-old girl whose feet were severed in an accident on an amusement park ride is in stable condition in a Nashville, Tennessee, hospital her family said in a written statement Tuesday. ValleyFair: Does Size Matter? (deactivated member) on 8/24/07 11:05 pm - Brooklyn Park, MN. The attractions are powered by air in large cylinders in which an aircraft steel cable, connected to the internal piston, travels and is also connected to the external rider car. Valleyfair officials removed some guests Monday night due to "unruly behavior and altercations," a spokesperson with the amusement park confirmed. Last day of the season at Valleyfair went on steal venom seven times today had a great time with the kids! Can't wait till next year! Gary Dreyer August 20, 2017. Photo: clumpinglitter, CC BY-SA 2. Quassy Amusement Park. 0. Power Tower Website: Valleyfair Homepage: Ride Type: Vertical Tower Ride Status: Running Average Rating: 4. No injuries were reported but the park was closed for the remaider of the day. Snoopy's Junction is situated nearby to the amusement ride Snoopy's Rocket Express and Lucy's Tugboat. High Roller. The deadliest rollercoaster accident in American history happened at Krug Park in Omaha, Nebraska, on July 24, 1930. If you would be so kind to rate this ride with 1 or 5 stars, we will be forever grateful. Seated in two-person chain-link swings that allow feet to dangle, riders. only shows you brands and products that we stand behind. Power Tower-Space Shot . Loading. Shakopee. . Home > Waits > Cedar Fair > Valleyfair. Valleyfair is a 125-acre amusement park in Shakopee, Minnesota, United States. 08-22-2021. Prosecutors charged 26-year-old Jacob Austin Lederer with two counts of criminal vehicular. Atraksi di Shakopee, MN Climb 240 feet into the air and get thrust towards the ground in a faster-than-free-fall frenzy! Jordon Fiske October 20, 2012. Power Tower-Space Shot; Power Tower-Space Shot Valleyfair Submit queue time Historical queue times (2023-11-17) Date. Aug 14, 2012. A two-vehicle crash late Tuesday near the entrance to Valleyfair left one driver dead and the other injured and suspected of having been drinking alcohol earlier that night, officials said. High Roller. "Tell the person right before the fall that only one person has died in this ride and. 0. $64. the space shot is good but its a short ride and ends quickly, in any case a good solid ride, i give it a seven as its one of the tallest of its kind, and it. m. Original: Aug 15, 2012. We have a winner! It's no question that the best restrooms can be found in the newest park’s table-service restaurants. View current and historical wait time data for Power Tower at Valleyfair on Thrill Data. High Roller. See 26 photos and 4 tips from 558 visitors to Power Tower. (WCCO) At least 13 people were injured Saturday in an accident on the Wild Thing roller coaster at Valleyfair, authorities said. Halls A and B have 15-foot 5 m ceiling heights and Hall C has a 25-foot m ceiling height. The department’s ropes team conducted its first of a two-part safety training on the ride, practicing rescue drills should. Website. 120. It includes a 1,149 ft (350. Opened in 2000, it is the park's tallest ride at 275 feet. Review of Power Tower @ Valleyfair 0 Rating Posted by: diablo666 on 6/10/2005 6:14:00 PM I only managed to get on the Space Shot tower but it was great. Steel Venom, or Power Tower or take a dip or slide at their water park. BOUND BROOK, N. jpg 360 × 480; 36 KBPower Tower; Overview of Cedar Point with Power Tower in the centerAbout. Free to Local Residents! Members of the Shakopee Fire Department spent much of their evening May 11 in a rare position — 40 feet off the ground on Valleyfair’s. A parachutist drops first freely from an aeroplane for 10s and then parachute opens out. m. Power Tower is a flat ride operating at Valleyfair. Power Tower - Page 1 . A loss of power at the Valleyfair amusement park in Shakopee left some visitors stuck in the middle of their rides. 10 Shocking Roller Coaster Accidents. On Friday, March 10, 2006, around noon, the ALT crew, led by foreman Josh Cook, was lowering an antenna from the tower, while the Betacom crew, which included Cotton and Wheeler. Several minor injuries occurred following a derailment on the Wild Thing on May 21, 2006 when a brake mount came loose. In 2005,. It is also the second-tallest observation tower in the Western Hemisphere, surpassed only by the CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario. 0 Rating coasterwom on 7/16/2012 6:58:00 PM. its a fun ride but alot tamer than the one at cedar point. "I won't be. 60 seconds, what will be his final velocity? (in m/s)Media in category ‘Power Tower (Valleyfair)’ The following 10 files are in this category, out of 10 total. The accident occurred in 2. Shakopee is a city in and the county seat of Scott County, Minnesota, United States. Corkscrew is a steel roller coaster at Valleyfair in Shakopee, Minnesota featuring one vertical loop and two corkscrews. Power Tower is a Drop Tower ride located at Valleyfair in Shakopee, Minnesota, USA. Too many people have died or suffered serious injuries when what was planned to be a day of fun turned into tragedy. 842 views, 32 likes, 0 loves, 0 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Visit Shakopee, Minnesota: Happy Independence Day! If you are still. 08-22. 08-22-2021. Draw a. The ride was originally intended to be 300 feet (91 m) tall, but the Federal Aviation Administration. [1] Valleyfair opened to the public on May 25, 1976. Loading. Home > Waits > Cedar Fair > Valleyfair. Xcel Energy officials say it took crews. Learn more and plan your visit!LOUISVILLE, Ky. It was a common ride at major amusement parks until the late 1990s, when the classic freefall rides began being replaced with larger, higher-capacity Drop. When it opened for the first time on May 26, 1976, Valleyfair offered 20 rides and attractions spread on 26 acres for a $6 ticket. Reaching heights of 125 feet and swinging 60 mph, this swing is sure to be a favorite for all playground enthusiasts. Dropping from almost 5 miles up, this ride is sure to have everyone screaming. This installation has since been removed. Home > Waits > Cedar Fair > Valleyfair. A rotating drop tower ride malfunctioned and fell at a local fair in the Indian city of Mohali in Punjab. A bumper car ride where guests drive cars designed for bumping into each other. Power Tower is a thrill ride located at two Cedar Fair parks in the U. Home > Waits > Cedar Fair > Valleyfair. Power Tower. 5 mph, and has a minimum height requirement of 48 inches. Premises Accidents. . [1] The HUSS ride was an adaptation and improvement of a design produced earlier that year by Schwarzkopf, with an increased passenger capacity. The observation deck was enclosed after the incident to prevent future. 7. Hydraulic cylinders at the base of the tower provide an extra measure of safety in. Loop-Dee Doop-Dee. You roll down a dip and around a small turn. The one at Cedar Point and the shot at Adventureland just kill this one. Theme parkMedia in category ‘Power Tower (Valleyfair)’ The following 10 files are in this category, out of 10 total. "Tell the person right before the fall that only one person has died in this ride and. " Shakopee, MN'da Lunapark Gezileri / Eğlence #Valleyfair Anyone who uses this footage please give me credit. Valleyfair Summary; Live queue times; Crowd calendar; Statistics. Byron Rd / Henderson Rd. In reaction to this accident, at least nine similar rides around the world were closed for inspection at Gröna Lund in Stockholm, Sweden, Kennywood in Pittsburgh, and at parks run by Six Flags, Cedar Fair, and PARC Management. February 7 – Australia – Violet Town rail accident Victoria, A Southern Aurora train collided onto an Albury train, killing nine people and injuring 117. Power Tower at Valleyfair Amusement Park in Shakopee, Minnesota. Roller coaster. August 14, 2012 — 11:06pm Cal Delaney – Special to the Star Tribune A power outage Tuesday left amusement park goers stranded on rides at Valleyfair. – A 14-year-old Louisville girl whose feet were severed during an amusement park ride last summer said the accident has changed her life forever and left her fearful. Visitors to Valleyfair for the season's opening day, Saturday, May 12, 2012 strolled around the amusement park. Problem: Upton Chuck is riding the giant drop at Great America. This video was uploaded from an Android phone. Bring lots of money when you go. Type: Tourist attraction; Categories: building and tourism; Location: Minnesota, Midwest, United States, North America; Notable Places in the Area. Thrill Ride / Drop Tower. . 4. Valleyfair’s Power Tower lifts riders as high as 275 feet in the air. Directions. on Power Kindergarten, Summer Power & Uproar per session on. Excalibur. Jason Matthew Schmidt, 31, of Jacobus died tragically Wednesday, December 5, 2012 as the result of a water tower accident in Montgomery County. valleyfair power tower accident 2012. 550 Valley Park Drive • Shakopee (across from Valleyfair) 952-445-2611. View current and historical wait time data for Power Tower-Space Shot at Valleyfair on Thrill Data. I was twelve, and Preston and Lucas were fourteen. 54". Bring the SPF, sunglasses, change of close, comfortable walking shoes, and maybe even a blanket it you want to plan a picnic. The rides are Wind Seeker models manufactured by Mondial. Power Tower-Space Shot is a Thrill Ride and Drop Tower. 120. According to the. $1. User Attraction Rating: 50%Power Tower,Xtreme Swings and Corkscrew from Wild Thing lift hill at Cedar Fair's Valleyfair! amusement park in Shakopee, Minnesota, USA: Date: 1 June 2006: Source: Self-photographed: Author: Larry Pieniazek - User:Lar: Permission (Reusing this file) Multilicense with GFDL and CC-BY 2. A, Cedar Point and Valleyfair. Power Tower is a flat ride operating at Valleyfair. Roller coaster Photo: Lar, CC BY 2. Wild Thing, located at the Valleyfair amusement park in Shakopee, Minnesota, is a steel out-and-back roller coaster with more than one mile (1. Add to Attraction Count. The cooling tower was one of two towers being constructed by Research-Cottrell, Inc. High Roller is a wooden roller coaster located at Valleyfair in Shakopee, Minnesota. Video was taken on June 6, 2015. . Go wild! Guests must be 48” tall to ride. A bumper car ride where guests drive cars designed for bumping into each other. Minnesota State Patrol said a second driver, who was hospitalized with non-life threating injuries, was suspected of using alcohol before the crash. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. 08-22-2021. OSHA determined that TCI’s procedure for replacing the diagonals was flawed because the removal of bolts. Feb 20, 2013 - Explore Katelyn Langgith's board "Amusment parks/ Valleyfair" on Pinterest. Almost every. russell westbrook shooting percentage 2022 275 feet. The Freefall is an amusement ride developed by Giovanola and marketed throughout the world by Swiss company, Intamin. The park was designed to resemble a turn-of-the-century trolley park. Guests must have a minimum of three functioning. Live updates: storm leaves flooding, mudslides behind. More. And a nice smoooooooooooth decent! Post Review Comment You must login or create an account to post a review comment. May 31, 2023. Home > Waits > Cedar Fair > Valleyfair. Adults. 1 Valleyfair Drive, Shakopee, Minnesota 55379 USA 800-FUN-RIDE: Google Satellite Image: Rides & Attractions: Park Guide: Videos: Nostalgia: Park Maps: Power Tower: S&S Space Shot Photo By: Vffreak07. Power Tower is a Thrill Ride and Drop Tower. May 31, 2023. At Nicolet Law Accident & Injury Lawyers, our compassionate Minnesota motorcycle accident attorneys handle motorcycle accident claims for clients across Minnesota. Young adults. PROBLEM CHANGED FROM TRAFFIC COLLISION AMBULANCE ENROUTE TO TRAFFIC COLLISION NO INJURY. . 120. I know at Valleyfair, Power Tower is 275ft, and thats all the taller they can go because of Flying Cloud Airport that is just across the river. On August 13, 1986, a 32-year-old man leaped to his death from a curved, 9-foot-high (2. The most important step is first to define our initial and final positions, then list the known information at those points. Million Dollar Midway opened giving. Ben, DL6RAI was working on a tower at his P49V home this morning when the tower buckled and folded down with Ben attached. . Wait Times All Parks Cedar. RANK DATE WAIT TIME; 1. OSHA determined that TCI’s procedure for replacing the diagonals was flawed because the removal of bolts. Power Tower. Valleyfair also. Men's Health. 08-22. Explore Recent Photos; Trending; Events; The Commons; Flickr GalleriesIf you have visited Power Tower, please leave a comment below this page! This comment will stay on this page after we have updated the page with the right photo's, video's and text. I prefer the drop more than the launch as I find it more suspenseful. 120. 5 m/ s 2. The power went out around 5 p. Valleyfair has the kind of fun you are looking for in a place where the fun never ends. Wait Times All Parks Cedar. The attractions are powered by air in large cylinders in which an aircraft steel cable, connected to the internal piston, travels and is also connected to the external rider car. Owned by Cedar Fair, the park opened in 1976 and now features over 75 rides and attractions including eight roller coasters. The ride was originally intended to be 300 feet (91 m) tall, but the Federal. Valleyfair opened in 1976 on the banks of the Minnesota River in Shakopee, Minnesota. , a Scott County. Enjoy your ride on the Higgggghhhhh Roooolller. 2012. A look at Power Tower from an off ride perspective. As the ride gets started, riders will slowly begin rotating in a circular motion, eventually reaching speeds of up to 40 mph as the swings ascend and. 4. An equipment failure caused the outage, which. 08-22-2021. Now he descends with a net retardation of 2. Thousands more were injured, and long-term health effects have arisen as a consequence of the attacks. A teenager whose feet were severed on an amusement park ride has taken her first steps since the gruesome accident in June, the attorney. 19-year-old driver killed in crash near Valleyfair. You can arrange an initial consultation with a cell phone tower accident lawyer from our firm any time of the day or night by calling (800) 349-0000. The only downfall was the fact that it was a tad too short for my tastes. Sen. I had my phone recording in my pocket while I rode the power tower with someone who screams a lot. m. If you look closely you can see flames flckering around the camera as we. She also rode Steel Venom, which was another one I chose to skip. Guests must have a minimum of three functioning. 3 is the magic number; if we can find 3 pieces of info, we can solve. This was in addition to the 2 smaller units that were already there. 0 . "Obviously, it's. Thrill Ride / Drop Tower. 4 mm wide, and the. Specialties: Valleyfair is where families come to play the Minnesota way! The Twin Cities' family amusement park offers towering coasters, Planet Snoopy, and the area's premier waterpark. Min Height Alone. 139 reviews of Valleyfair "This amusement park has a great selection of rides, that lovely greasy amusement park food, and lots of games. Love after lockup s03e00 life after lockup: Source: Watch life after lockup online. สถานที่น่าสนใจ ใน Shakopee, MN Power Tower is a thrill ride located at two Cedar Fair parks in the U. Power Tower-Space Shot . The Accident. . 101) 8. With more than 75 rides and attractions, Valleyfair is the Twin Cities’ amusement park where families come to play the Minnesota way for safe outdoor fun! Discover your next adventure on one of eight towering coasters or learn to love thrills on one of Planet Snoopy’s 16 kid rides. It was a scary-go-round. Explore!Power Tower-Turbo Drop. The Power Tower is a vertical tower ride. 08-22-2021 - 120 min. . 101) 8. 2. . On June 16, 2011,. SHAKOPEE, Minn. So far the gaps Cedar Fair has been filling are for family thrill rides with height requirements in between 36 and 46 and so far the Flying. In reaction to this accident, at least nine similar rides around the world were closed for inspection at Gröna Lund in Stockholm, Sweden, Kennywood in Pittsburgh, and at parks run by Six Flags, Cedar Fair, and PARC Management. 98 when you buy Valleyfair Discount Tickets for only $38. Owners don’t publicize them. by Gazza, 2 years ago. Jump to navigation Jump to search. The centerpiece of the expansion plans is Power Tower, a thrill ride that reaches an unbelievable height of 275 feet. I took this video when i was there in may 2002A animation of the new North Star, a Funtime StarFlyer at Valleyfair that will open in 2017. Power Tower at Valleyfair is a multi-tower attraction featuring a pair of Turbo Drop rides and a single Space Shot ride, arranged in a triangular-footprint with a crowning marquee joining the three rides at their peaks. Good Day. Review of Power Tower @ Valleyfair 0 Rating Posted by: Gamling on 8/6/2003 7:58:00 PM Great view of my home park from the top. -----topweb01@aol. 2. Nagashima Spa Land. 5. Oct. Climb 240 feet into the air and get thrust towards the ground in a faster-than-free-fall frenzy!Jordon Fiske October 20, 2012. Freefall at Six Flags Over Georgia. Enjoy your ride on the Higgggghhhhh Roooolller. Power Tower is the tallest ride in Minnesota. Ride statisticsMar 8, 2018. Data from 09/23/2023. Power Tower Valleyfair. See all 26 photos taken at Power Tower by 744 visitors. Nov 21 2023 7:33AM. 3. In 2005, Wild Thing was the main. 2. 120. An impulse roller coaster using linear induction motors to launch riders both forward and backward. 60 seconds, what will be his final velocity and how far will he fall? (Remember acceleration is -9. Ratings. A shoulder harness with a safety belt secures each rider over the head and across the chest. 3. The park wanted to build their Power Tower to 300 feet, but was required to only build it to 275 feet with the restriction. Valleyfair is returning to normal after the Shakopee amusement park lost power Tuesday afternoon, KARE 11 reports. The third tower, riders are launched up towards the peak of Power Tower before slowly returning back down. Power Tower is a Thrill Ride and Drop Tower. Ride statisticsMin Height. Valleyfair unveiled Steel Venom in September 2002, a new roller coaster for the 2003 season manufactured by Intamin. Almost always fatal, mesothelioma — caused solely by exposure to asbestos — could have been entirely preventable. (Pete Piringer @mcfrsPIO) Around 10:45 p. Ultimately, Xtreme Swing’s unique pneumatic technology allows for a strong push that carries riders more than 12 stories into the air. Two towers take riders gently up before suddenly thrusting them back downward. The last encoded radar return for the aircraft was at 1805:26, when the aircraft was at 300 feet ASL and travelling at a ground speed of 120 knotsControl of the. The new plant would have 2 generators with a total capacity of 1300 megawatts. This hasn’t been the only ride that ended badly at Cedar Point, or at amusement park roller coasters across the country. 5. Data from 09/27/2023. Space Shot: a great ride, love the pop of airtime at the top. Thrill Ride / Drop Tower. Some say that power is one of the most addictive feelings in the world. Best space-saving: Bowflex BodyTower. 0; Ride Duration: 45 sec Power Tower is the only four-towered drop tower ride in the world, devoting two towers to each drop cycle. Data from 09/29/2023. Don’t let your friends miss out ! Who’s going on the Power Tower? @valleyfairmn. Power Tower is the tallest ride in Minnesota. Accident and safety data is hard to come by for the wind industry. 08-22-2021 - 120 min. Ratings. . Submit your writing2012. Loch Ness Monster. RANK DATE WAIT TIME; 1. Share. New LED lights were installed on Power Tower for the 2012 season. Tall and it goes at 50mphOne of the more recent amusement park accidents occurred on July 15, 2018, at an amusement park in Karachi, Pakistan. Hull Fair is Europe's largest travelling funfair, which goes to Kingston upon Hull, England for one week from 5 pm on Friday to 11 pm of the Saturday eight days later, encompassing 11 October each year. A case has been registered in this regard and further. Roller coaster Photo: Lar, CC BY 2. The accident happened about 4:25 p. Power Tower at Valleyfair. Questions or concerns about the accessibility of our website or need any assistance accessing any of the information you would expect to find on our site, please. Uncategorized. Power Tower 1998 - Present; Wild Thing (Valleyfair) 1996 - Present; Corkscrew (Valleyfair) 1980 - Present; Steel Venom (Valleyfair) 2003 - Present; Renegade (roller coaster) 2007 - Present; Cosmic Coaster (Valleyfair) 2011 - Present; High Roller (Valleyfair) 1976 - Present; Excalibur (Valleyfair) 1989 - Present; Dinosaurs Alive!. 08-22-2021. Hydraulic cylinders at the base of the tower provide an extra. The tallest and fastest roller coaster in the park will. Power Tower. The two up towers are the Skycoaster, which propels riders up to the top at speeds of up to 50 mph, and the Turbo Drop, which drops riders from the top at. m. Go wild! Guests must be 48” tall to ride. Best adjustable: SportsRoyals Power Tower Dip. Limited quantities. SHAKOPEE, Minn. Video was taken on June 6, 2015. 0. Power TowerReview of Power Tower @ Valleyfair 0 Rating Posted by: wierdo135 on 7/25/2008 10:28:00 AM Turbo Drop: its a fun ride but alot tamer than the one at cedar point. April 3, 2022; wine symbolism in birthday; squier classic vibe jazz bass Power Tower is a thrill ride located at two Cedar Fair parks in the US, Cedar Point and Valleyfair. Best outdoor. Map. The Enterprise is an amusement ride, manufactured primarily by HUSS Park Attractions and Anton Schwarzkopf beginning in 1972. What is Power Tower? Power Tower is a thrill ride located at two Cedar Fair parks in the U. 08-22-2021 - 120 min. Valleyfair! | Power Tower | Jeremy Thompson | Flickr. If Upton free falls for 2. Today. Specialties: Valleyfair is where families come to play the Minnesota way! The Twin Cities' family amusement park offers towering coasters, Planet Snoopy, and the area's premier waterpark. Children age 8-12. Unfortunatley I wasnt able to ride the other tower. The Nicest Disneyland Bathrooms. Drop tower. The collapse of an Ozarks Public Television tower in April that killed an engineer was caused by mistakes made by contractors, according to a report by the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration. No difficulty clipping it. Young adults. Roller coaster Corkscrew is a steel roller coaster at Valleyfair in Shakopee, Minnesota featuring one vertical loop and two corkscrews. The initial park investment was $7. 0 5. Minnesota State Patrol said a second driver, who was hospitalized with non-life threating injuries, was suspected of using alcohol before the crash. A, Cedar Poi. Photo By: GCI Wooden. Wild Thing Valleyfair. Some reviewers noted that seeing a roller coaster in the background was. Unlike small local fairs, Hull Fair attracts rides, attractions, and travellers from a wide variety of. Thrill Ride / Drop Tower. Kentucky Kingdom, formerly known as Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom, is an amusement park in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. Power Tower is a thrill ride located at two Cedar Fair parks in the US, Cedar Point and Valleyfair. 08-22-2021. 550 South Tryon (formerly the Duke Energy Center) is a 786-foot (240 m) tall, 48-floor (54 floors including mechanical floors) skyscraper in Charlotte, North Carolina. Read more. . Eiffel Tower. Power tower at valleyfair, blue tower, and red tower. Power Tower-Space Shot . Discussion, News and Updates from the world of Amusement Parks and Rollercoasters!Best warranty: Fitness Reality X-Class Power Tower. View Profile | 0 Comments. Power Tower - Page 1 .